介词第五讲

by near about around against opposite

1. by - 核心思想：在旁边 / 挨着 (Beside / Next to)

想象一下，任何事物，无论是人、时间还是方法，都“紧挨着”另一个事物，这就是 by 的感觉。

用法一：空间上的“旁边”
这是最直观的意思，指位置上紧挨着。

  • Please come and sit by me. (请过来坐我旁边。)
  • There is a beautiful house by the sea. (海边有一座漂亮的房子。)
  • We walked past by the library on our way home. (我们回家路上经过了图书馆旁边。)
  • The children stood side by side to take a photo. (孩子们肩并肩站着拍照。)

用法二：时间上的“旁边”（不晚于… / 截止到…）
表示一个动作完成的最后期限，时间点紧挨着，但不能超过。

  • You must finish your homework by Friday. (你必须在周五前完成作业。)
  • Please return the book to me by tomorrow. (请在明天前把书还给我。)
  • By the end of the year, we will have learned 1000 new words. (到今年年底，我们将学完1000个新单词。)
  • Time goes by so quickly. (时间过得真快啊。)

用法三：方式上的“旁边”（依靠 / 通过）
表示做某事所依靠或使用的方法、工具，这个“方法”就像伴随在动作旁边。

  • I go to school by bus every day. (我每天乘公交车上学。)
  • You can contact me by email or by phone. (你可以通过邮件或电话联系我。)
  • He paid for the new coat by credit card. (他用信用卡支付了这件新外套。)
  • I learned the poem by heart. (我靠用心记下了这首诗。)
  • I met her completely by chance. (我完全是偶然遇见她的。)

用法四：语法上的“旁边”（被动语态的动作发出者）
在被动句中，动作是谁做的，就用 by 把它放在动作旁边。

  • This cake was made by my mother. (这个蛋糕是我妈妈做的。)
  • The window was broken by the naughty boy. (窗户是被那个淘气的男孩打碎的。)
  • The story was written by a famous writer. (这个故事是一位著名作家写的。)

2. near - 核心思想：在…附近 (In the vicinity of / Close to)

near 表示距离上的靠近，但中间有一定空间，不像 by 那样紧挨着。

用法一：空间上的“附近”
指具体的地理位置很近。

  • Is there a supermarket near our school? (我们学校附近有超市吗？)
  • Don't stand near the fire; it's dangerous. (别站在火的附近，很危险。)
  • My best friend lives near my home, so we often play together. (我最好的朋友住在我家附近，所以我们经常一起玩。)

用法二：抽象概念的“接近”
指时间、状态或情感上的靠近。

  • The summer holiday is drawing near. (暑假快要到了。)
  • She was near tears when she heard the sad news. (当她听到那个悲伤的消息时，她都快哭了。)
  • It's near midnight, you should go to bed. (快到午夜了，你应该去睡觉了。)

小贴士：near (附近) vs nearly (几乎)

  • The hotel is **near** the station. (酒店在车站附近。) -> 表位置
  • The bottle is **nearly** empty. (瓶子差不多空了。) -> 表程度

3. about / around - 核心思想：围绕着 / 四周

这两个词都有一种“围绕一个中心”的感觉。about 更偏向抽象的话题或大概的范围，而 around 更偏向具体的物理空间。

about (更偏向抽象的“围绕”)

用法一：表示“关于” (围绕一个话题)

  • This is a story about a brave knight. (这是一个关于勇敢骑士的故事。)
  • What are you talking about? (你们在聊什么呢?)
  • I'm so worried about the final exam. (我非常担心期末考试。)
  • Tell me all about your trip to Beijing. (跟我讲讲你北京之行的所有事吧。)

用法二：表示“大约” (围绕一个数字或时间)

  • There are about 50 students in our class. (我们班大约有50名学生。)
  • I waited for you for about half an hour. (我等了你大约半个小时。)
  • Hurry up! The train is about to leave. (快点！火车马上就要开了。)

around (更偏向具体的“围绕”)

用法一：表示“环绕 / 在…四周”

  • We all sat around the table for dinner. (我们都围坐在桌边吃晚饭。)
  • He plans to travel around the world next year. (他计划明年环游世界。)
  • The earth moves around the sun. (地球围绕太阳转。)
  • There are many trees around the lake. (湖的四周有很多树。)

小贴士：何时可以通用？
当表示“到处”或“四处”时，两者有时可以互换。

  • He looked **around/about** the room, but couldn't find his keys. (他环顾了一下房间，但没找到钥匙。)

4. against / opposite - 核心思想：对抗 / 对面

这两个词都带有“对”的含义，但感觉完全不同。

against (核心：对抗 / 顶着)

用法一：表示“反对 / 对抗” (带有冲突感)

  • Many people are against the plan to build a new factory here. (很多人反对在这里建新工厂的计划。)
  • It is against the school rules to use a mobile phone in class. (在课堂上使用手机是违反校规的。)
  • Our team will play against the champion team tomorrow. (我们队明天要和冠军队比赛。)

用法二：表示“倚靠 / 顶着” (身体靠在某物上)

  • He was leaning against the wall, waiting for his friend. (他正倚着墙等他的朋友。)
  • Don't put your bike against the clean window! (别把你的自行车靠在干净的窗户上！)

opposite (核心：在…对面 / 相反)

用法一：表示“在…对面” (位置上的相对)

  • The post office is just opposite the bank. (邮局就在银行的对面。)
  • In the meeting, my teacher sat opposite me. (会议上，我的老师坐在我的对面。)
  • Our house is opposite a big park. (我们家对面是一个大公园。)

用法二：表示“相反的” (方向或性质上的对立)

  • "Up" is the opposite of "down". (“上”是“下”的反义词。)
  • They ran in opposite directions. (他们朝着相反的方向跑去。)

小贴士：如何区分？

  • against 强调 冲突 或 压力。fight against him (和他对抗)。
  • opposite 强调 位置 或 方向。sit opposite him (坐在他对面)。

希望这份更详细的讲义能让你彻底明白这些介词的用法！